Dopamine Semiquinone Radical Doped PEDOT:PSS: Enhanced Conductivity,Work Function and Performance in Organic Solar Cells

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been is applied as hole transport material in organic electronic devices for more than 20 years. However, the redundant sulfonic acid group of PEDOT:PSS has often been overlooked. Herein, PEDOT:PSS‐DA is prepared via a facile doping of PEDOT:PSS with dopamine hydrochloride (DA·HCl) which reacts with the redundant sulfonic acid of PSS. The PEDOT:PSS‐DA film exhibits enhanced work function and conductivity compared to those of PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:PSS‐DA‐based devices show a power conversion efficiency of 16.55% which is the highest in organic solar cells (OSCs) with (poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4‐fluorothiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithio‐phene))‐co‐(1,3‐di(5‐thiophene‐2‐yl)‐5,7‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))] (PM6):(2,2′‐((2Z,2′Z)‐((12,13‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,9‐diundecyl‐12,13‐dihydro‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐e]thieno[2′′,3′:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2‐g]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]indole‐2,10‐diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indene‐2,1‐diylidene))dimalononitrile) (Y6) as the active layer. Furthermore, PEDOT:PSS‐DA also exhibits enhanced performance in three other donor/acceptor systems, exhibiting high compatibility in OSCs. This work demonstrates that doping PEDOT:PSS with various amino derivatives is a potentially efficient strategy to enhance the performance of PEDOT:PSS in organic electronic devices.     

不同浓度罗哌卡因腰硬联合麻醉用于人工髋关节置换手术对患者麻醉效果和术后运动功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因腰硬联合麻醉用于人工髋关节置换手术对患者麻醉效果和术后运动功能的影响。方法：2017年2月至2019年12月选择在本院进行人工髋关节置换手术的患者84例,根据随机数字表法把患者分为观察组与对照组各42例。两组都给予腰硬联合麻醉,对照组采用常规浓度0.5 %罗哌卡因麻醉观察组采用低浓度0.375 %罗哌卡因麻醉,记录患者麻醉效果和术后运动功能变化情况。结果：观察组的麻醉持续时间、运动恢复时间和感觉运动时间都显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组麻醉后10 min、30 min、60 min的Bromage评分都低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后7 d的低血压、恶心呕吐、头晕头痛、尿潴留等不良反应发生率为7.1 %,显著低于对照组的19.0 %(P<0.05)。两组所有患者在术后2 h、术后4 h、术后24 h的呼吸、心率均在正常范围内波动,组间与组内对比都无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：低浓度罗哌卡因腰硬联合麻醉用于人工髋关节置换手术能改善患者的麻醉效果和运动功能,提高麻醉效果,并不影响患者的生命体征,且能减少术后不良反应的发生。     

Three proline rotamases involved in calcium homeostasis play differential roles in stress tolerance,virulence and calcineurin regulation of Beauveria bassiana

FK506‐sensitive proline rotamases (FPRs), also known as FK506‐binding proteins (FKBPs), can mediate immunosuppressive drug resistance in budding yeast but their physiological roles in filamentous fungi remain opaque. Here, we report that three FPRs (cytosolic/nuclear 12.15‐kD Fpr1, membrane‐associated 14.78‐kD Fpr2 and nuclear 50.43‐kD Fpr3) are all equally essential for cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis and contribute significantly to calcineurin activity at different levels in the insect‐pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana although the deletion of fpr1 alone conferred resistance to FK506. Radial growth, conidiation, conidial viability and virulence were less compromised in the absence of fpr1 or fpr2 than in the absence of fpr3, which abolished almost all growth on scant media and reduced growth moderately on rich media. The Δfpr3 mutant was more sensitive to Na⁺, K⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, metal chelate, heat shock and UVB irradiation than was Δfpr2 while both mutants were equally sensitive to Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, H₂O₂ and cell wall‐perturbing agents. In contrast, the Δfpr1 mutant was less sensitive to fewer stress cues. Most of 32 examined genes involved in DNA damage repair, Na⁺/K⁺ detoxification or osmotolerance and Ca²⁺ homeostasis were downregulated sharply in Δfpr2 and Δfpr3 but rarely so affected in Δfpr1, coinciding well with their phenotypic changes. These findings uncover important, but differential, roles of three FPRs in the fungal adaptation to insect host and environment and provide novel insight into their essential roles in calcium signalling pathway.     

Mutations in MIR396e and MIR396f increase grain size and modulate shoot architecture in rice

Grain size and plant architecture are critical factors determining crop productivity. Here, we performed gene editing of the MIR396 gene family in rice and found that MIR396e and MIR396f are two important regulators of grain size and plant architecture. mir396ef mutations can increase grain yield by increasing grain size. In addition, mir396ef mutations resulted in an altered plant architecture, with lengthened leaves but shortened internodes, especially the uppermost internode. Our research suggests that mir396ef mutations promote leaf elongation by increasing the level of a gibberellin (GA) precursor, mevalonic acid, which subsequently promotes GA biosynthesis. However, internode elongation in mir396ef mutants appears to be suppressed via reduced CYP96B4 expression but not via the GA pathway. This research provides candidate gene‐editing targets to breed elite rice varieties.     

Leaf gall polymorphism and molecular phylogeny of a new Bruggmanniella species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini) associated with Litsea acuminata (Lauraceae) in Taiwan,with ecological comparisons and a species description

Two types of cecidomyiid leaf galls, cup‐shaped and umbrella‐shaped, occur on Litsea acuminata (Lauraceae) in Taiwan. Based on the concept of gall shapes as “extended phenotypes” of gall inducers, these two types could be induced by different gall midge species. However, galls with intermediate shapes between the two types were recently discovered, which implies that possible genetic exchanges occur between the gall inducers of both types. To clarify the taxonomic status of gall midges responsible for the two types of galls on L. acuminata, we undertook taxonomic, molecular phylogenetic and ecological studies. Our findings show that the two gall types are induced by the same Bruggmanniella species and the species is new to science. We describe the species forming this range of galls as Bruggmanniella litseae sp. n. , and compare their geographical distribution, galling position and morphometry. Based on our results, a possible evolutionary scenario of B. litseae sp. n. is discussed.     

Preparation of co‐Co3O4/carbon nanotube/carbon foam for glucose sensor

Co‐Co₃O₄/carbon nanotube/carbon foam (Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF) nanocomposites were prepared by soaking melamine foam into a solution of Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, followed by calcination in N₂ and air in sequence. The obtained Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF nanocomposites were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that Co₃O₄ nanoparticles were grown on the external of CF successfully, while CNTs were grown on the surfaces of CF in a large amount, which further improved the electrical conductivity of the. The prepared Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF nanocomposites were then used to construct nonenzymatic sensor to detect glucose in alkaline solution. The sensor showed detection range from 1.2 μM to 2.29 mM with a detection limit of 0.4 μM (S/N =3) and a high sensitivity of 637.5 μA^?1 cm^?2. The developed sensor also showed an instant response, favorable reproducibility, and high selectivity. The results attest that Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF composites have great potential in the development of nonenzymatic sensors for glucose.     

水分驱动下茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris Thunb.)地上生物量模型与异速生长特征

构建生物量预估模型,探究生物量在各器官中的分配策略和异速生长关系及其对环境因子的响应,对理解植物群落结构、功能、碳储存和分配机制具有重要意义。本研究以内蒙古荒漠草原常见种茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris Thunb.)为对象,在不同水分处理下,利用易测指标,如株高、基径、分枝数、冠幅和生物量等参数建立生物量模型,采用标准化主轴分析法分析其异速生长关系。结果表明:在不同水分处理下,茵陈蒿的最佳生物量预估模型的变量选择不同;不同水分处理下茵陈蒿各器官间、各器官与地上生物量间的异速生长关系不同,但相对于自然降水量,增水和减水50%下均为等速生长,这说明在不同水分条件下茵陈蒿对各器官间的资源配置存在权衡策略,符合最优分配假说;而在极端气候条件下,各器官对资源的竞争会变弱;在荒漠草原中,对草本植物进行生物量模拟,选择预测变量和方程模型时,应考虑生长季降水量。本研究可为荒漠草原草本植物生物量预估模型的建立和异速生长关系对环境因子适应的理解等提供方法支持及理论依据。